goodman luck - visual working memory - reaction time studies

@article{mayer-98_dual-working-memory-speech-better-than-text-for-learning,
  title={A split-attention effect in multimedia learning: Evidence for dual processing systems in working memory.},
  author={Mayer, Richard E. and Moreno, Roxana},
  journal={Journal of educational psychology},
  volume={90},
  number={2},
  pages={312},
  year={1998},
  publisher={American Psychological Association},
  abstract = {

Students viewed a computer-generated animation depicting the process of
lightning formation (Experiment 1) or the operation of a car's braking system
(Experiment 2). In each experiment, students received either concurrent
narration describing the major steps (Group AN) or concurrent on-screen text
involving the same words and presentation timing (Group AT). Across both
experiments, students in Group AN outperformed students in Group AT in
recalling the steps in the process on a retention test, in finding named
elements in an illustration on a matching test, and in generating correct
solutions to problems on a transfer test. Multimedia learners can integrate
words and pictures more easily when the words are presented auditorily rather
than visually. This split-attention effect is consistent with a
dual-processing model of working memory consisting of separate visual and
auditory channels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights
reserved)

}}

@article{baddeley-00_episodic-buffer-working-memory,
  title={The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?},
  author={Baddeley, A.},
  journal={Trends in cognitive sciences},
  volume={4},
  number={11},
  pages={417--423},
  year={2000},
  publisher={Elsevier}
  annote = {

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch proposed a three-component model of working
memory. Over the years, this has been successful in giving an integrated
account not only of data from normal adults, but also neuropsychological,
developmental and neuroimaging data. There are, however, a number of
phenomena that are not readily captured by the original model. These are
outlined here and a fourth component to the model, the episodic buffer, is
proposed. It comprises a limited capacity system that provides temporary
storage of information held in a multimodal code, which is capable of binding
information from the subsidiary systems, and from long-term memory, into a
unitary episodic representation. Conscious awareness is assumed to be the
principal mode of retrieval from the buffer. The revised model differs from
the old principally in focussing attention on the processes of integrating
information, rather than on the isolation of the subsystems. In doing so, it
provides a better basis for tackling the more complex aspects of executive
control in working memory.

}}

@article{rama-08_domain-spatial-nonspatial-auditory-working-memory,
  title={Domain-dependent activation during spatial and nonspatial auditory working memory},
  author={R{\\"a}m{\\"a}, P.},
  journal={Cognitive processing},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={29--34},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Springer}

Abstract
Visual system has been proposed to be divided into two, the ventral and
dorsal, processing streams. The ventral pathway is thought to be involved in
object identification whereas the dorsal pathway processes information
regarding the spatial locations of objects and the spatial relationships
among objects. Several studies on working memory (WM) processing have further
suggested that there is a dissociable domain-dependent functional
organization within the prefrontal cortex for processing of spatial and
nonspatial visual information. Also the auditory system is proposed to be
organized into two domain-specific processing streams, similar to that seen
in the visual system. Recent studies on auditory WM have further suggested
that maintenance of nonspatial and spatial auditory information activates a
distributed neural network including temporal, parietal, and frontal regions
but the magnitude of activation within these activated areas shows a
different functional topography depending on the type of information being
maintained. The dorsal prefrontal cortex, specifically an area of the
superior frontal sulcus (SFS), has been shown to exhibit greater activity for
spatial than for nonspatial auditory tasks. Conversely, ventral frontal
regions have been shown to be more recruited by nonspatial than by spatial
auditory tasks. It has also been shown that the magnitude of this
dissociation is dependent on the cognitive operations required during WM
processing. Moreover, there is evidence that within the nonspatial domain in
the ventral prefrontal cortex, there is an across-modality dissociation
during maintenance of visual and auditory information. Taken together, human
neuroimaging results on both visual and auditory sensory systems support the
idea that the prefrontal cortex is organized according to the type of
information being maintained in WM.

}}