CS625-ADVANCED COMPUTER NETWORKS
LECTURE 24 (Tuesday, 14 Oct 2003)
SCRIBE: Bhola Ram Meena (Y0097)

                                                                   PEER -TO-PEER OVERLAY NETWORKS

                                                                  p2p
Peer-to-Peer computer network refers to any network that does not have fixed clients and servers, but a number of peer nodes that function as both clients and servers to the other nodes on the network. In peer-peer networks all nodes are equivalent . For example Napaster is a peer-peer network for storing mp3 files.

Classification of Peer-Peer Networks:

1. Centralized Directory
         All information is stored at central location decided by peer-peer networks.

2. Decentralized Directory
        It have no central location for storing all information.
     It can be further classified into two category:
         2.1  Unstructured Networks
                    It have no restriction on storing data. Data can be stored in any node.
                Problem with Unstructured Networks:
                       It takes long time to search for a particular item.
        2.2  Structured Networks
                It solves the above problem by putting restriction on way data is stored in network.


                                                               Structured Peer-to-Peer Networks

        These networks have close coupling between network topology  and data location. 
         Several distributed data structured have been proposed for these networks:
                1.  Chord
                2.   CAN (Content addressable Network)
                3.  Tapestry
     These data structures provide the same functionality.

     peer to peer Network Features:
     1. Redundant Storage
          Same data is stored at different places so it can be available if any node goes down.
     2. Selection of nearby servers.
          For any data request , closest server having data is selected.
     3. Search of Data
         Data can be searched in P2P networks.
    4.  Efficient Location
         P2P networks provide efficeint location based on keys.

  CHORD Functionality
            1. Chord maps key space to node space.
                      ---- It map a given key to a node which stores data and serves it.
                      ---  Keys can be stored at particular location.
                      ---  Key space is flat
                                   Chord places no contraints on key it looks up.
                      --- Support Dynamic node join/leave.
           2.  Application related functionalities
                     --- user friendly naming of data.
                     --- Authentication
                               we can use secure hash for defining keys or we can use a secret key so anyone who don't know secret
                               key cann't get particular mapping.
                    ---  Replication
                               chord directly doesn't provide replication because it assumes that different key means different data. But
                               a data can be associated with two keys for proving replication.
         
  Chord doesn't provide support for searching.

Examples of applications using P2P networks
 1. Distributed Indexing
 2.  Cooperative Mirroring
       Let  say different piece of software is stored at different nodes and if demand for a particular software is high then there will be load variation in network. Using P2P networks we can distribute the load over all network.

3. Time Sharing Storage
   -- access to data all time.
   -- P2P can put more stress on availablity rather the load balancing.
                                                 CHORD Interface

 1. lookup(key)
       It return a node corresponding to key. Key can be any arbitrary string.

2. callback.
   Due to join/leave of nodes in network set of keys might change for a node.


                                           CHORD Look Up Protocol
                --- Nodes/keys  are hashed using SHA-1  in a circular m-bit space [0.................2^m-1]
                --- IP address of node is hashed.
                --- consistent hashing for load balancing
            Let consider a network in which nodes are hashed on 1, 4,  6 in 3-bit space.

            Let key k is mapped to 2 then it will be assigned to its successor node which is 4.




     pic1
              
  
           ---- Reassignment happens only after node joins/leave.
           ---- No rehashing only resassignment.

       Let node 3 joins then it will be responsible for node 2 .


Scalable Key location


default way:
        Every node maintain pointers to its successor node and node for a given key is found by following these pointers.
But this is O(N) time complex.

Optimization:
  --   maintain a finger table table with atmost m-entries.
    For example a node n will have pointers to following node:
          n+2^0, n+2^1, n+2^2.............n+2^(m-1)
   If a pointer is pointing to NULL node then a node following it will be pointed.

pic2
                     
      How finger table works:

  1. Nodes stores only small number of pointers. A single  node may not have pointer to succesor of  key(k).

  2. Node n searches its finger table for node j which precedes k.
   
pic3

   It takes O(logN ) times beacuse it halves the distance in each look up.

For example .
    N0+ 2^i <= k <= N0+2^(i+1)
    N1+ 2^(i-1) <= k <= N1+ 2^i
  .......
   Nm<=k<=Nm+2^(0)


Main steps when node n joins:
1.  Learn of some other node n' offline.
     Ask for successor of n.
2. Initialize own finger table and predecessor
   --- update fingers of existing nodes.
3. Transfer Keys.

Some Remarks

1. Simultanious join/failure
     -- need of r nearest successors
     -- need to replicate some data associated with keys.

2. Protocol can implemented recursively or iteratively

3.  Path length expansion is a important concern.
    --- there is no corelation in distance between logical space and physical space.
                            Those nodes which are near in logical identifier space can be far aparted in physical space.
   ---- address at overlay node placement
                                           
                                                               References
       
1.http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~kunwadee/research/p2p/links.html

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer

3. http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/papers/chord:sigcomm01/chord_sigcomm.pdf